阀门是流体输送系统中的控制部件，是通过改变其流通面积的大小控制流体流量、压力和流向的机械产品。一、 阀门的分类：

　　Valves are control components in fluid delivery systems, which are mechanical products that control fluid flow, pressure, and direction by changing the size of their flow area. 1、 Classification of valves:

　　阀门种类很多，且有很多种分类方法：下面按用途分类、按压力分类、按介质的工作温度分类、按操作方式分类、通用分类法进行介绍；

　　There are many types of valves, and there are many classification methods: classification by purpose, classification by pressure, classification by working temperature of medium, classification by operation mode, and general classification method are introduced below;

　　(一)、按用途分类：

　　（1） Classified by purpose:

　　（1）截断阀类：主要用于截断和导通介质流。该类阀门包括：闸阀、截止阀、隔膜阀、旋塞阀、球阀、蝶阀等。

　　(1) Block valve class: mainly used for cutting off and conducting medium flow. This type of valve includes gate valves, globe valves, diaphragm valves, plug valves, ball valves, butterfly valves, etc.

　　（2）调节阀类：主要用于调节介质的流量、压力，包括调节阀、节流阀、减压阀等。

　　(2) Regulating valves: mainly used to regulate the flow and pressure of media, including regulating valves, throttle valves, pressure reducing valves, etc.

　　（3）止回阀类：主要用于防止介质的倒流，包括各种结构的止回阀。

　　(3) Check valves: mainly used to prevent the backflow of media, including various structures of check valves.

　　（4）分流阀类：用于分配、分离或混合介质，包括各种结构的分配阀，疏水阀等。

　　(4) Diverter valves: used for distributing, separating, or mixing media, including various structures of distribution valves, drain valves, etc.

　　(5) 阀类：用于系统超压保护，包括各种类型的阀。

　　(5) Safety valves: used for system overpressure safety protection, including various types of safety valves.

　　(二)、按压力分类：

　　（2） Classified by pressure:

　　（1） 低压阀门：公称压力 PN≤1.6Mpa

　　(1) Low pressure valve: nominal pressure PN ≤ 1.6Mpa

　　（2） 中压阀门：公称压力 1.6 Mpa＜PN≤6.4Mpa

　　(2) Medium pressure valve: nominal pressure 1.6 Mpa ＜ PN ≤ 6.4Mpa

　　（3） 高压阀门：公称压力 6.4 Mpa＜PN≤100 Mpa

　　(3) High pressure valve: nominal pressure 6.4 Mpa ＜ PN ≤ 100 Mpa

　　（4） 超高压阀门：公称压力 PN≥100Mpa

　　(4) Ultra high pressure valve: nominal pressure PN ≥ 100Mpa

　　(三)、按介质的工作温度分类：

　　（3） Classified by the working temperature of the medium:

　　（1） 常温阀门：-40℃≤t≤120℃

　　(1) Normal temperature valve: -40 ℃ ≤ t ≤ 120 ℃

　　（2）中温阀门：120℃≤t≤450℃

　　(2) Medium temperature valve: 120 ℃ ≤ t ≤ 450 ℃

　　（3）高温阀门：t≥450℃

　　(3) High temperature valve: t ≥ 450 ℃

　　（4）低温阀门：-100℃≤t≤-40℃

　　(4) Low temperature valve: -100 ℃ ≤ t ≤ -40 ℃

　　（5）超低温阀门：t≤-100℃

　　(5) Ultra low temperature valve: t ≤ -100 ℃

　　(四)、按操作方式分类：

　　（4） Classified by operation method:

　　分为手动、气动、液动、电动等阀门。

　　Divided into manual, pneumatic, hydraulic, electric and other valves.

　　(五)、通用分类法：

　　（5） General classification system:

　　这种分类方法既按工作原理和用途分，又按结构划分，是目前常用的分类方法，一般分为：闸阀、截止阀、节流阀、球阀、蝶阀、隔膜阀、旋塞阀、止回阀、阀、自力式调压阀、疏水阀等。

　　This classification method is commonly used based on both working principle and purpose, as well as structure. It is generally divided into gate valves, globe valves, throttle valves, ball valves, butterfly valves, diaphragm valves, plug valves, check valves, safety valves, self operated pressure regulating valves, drain valves, etc.

　　二、 阀门型号的编制方法：

　　2、 Method for preparing valve models:

　　按阀门型号编制方法，阀门型号分七个单元：

　　According to the method of valve model designation, valve models are divided into seven units:

　　单元表示类型，称为类型代号，用汉语拼音字母表示：

　　The first unit represents the type, called the type code, which is represented by Chinese Pinyin letters:

　　第二单元表示传动方式，称为传动方式代号，用阿拉伯数字表示

　　The second unit represents the transmission mode, called the transmission mode code, represented by Arabic numerals

　　第三单元为连接形式代号，表示阀门与管道或设备接口连接方式，用阿拉伯数字表示

　　The third unit is the connection form code, which indicates the connection method between the valve and the pipeline or equipment interface, represented by Arabic numerals

　　第四单元表示阀门的结构形式，称为结构形式代号，用阿拉伯数字表示。由于阀门类型较多，故其结构形式按阀门的种类分别表示，同一阿拉伯数字，对于不同类型的阀门所表示的意义不相同。

　　The fourth unit represents the structural form of the valve, called the structural form code, represented by Arabic numerals. Due to the variety of valve types, their structural forms are represented separately according to the type of valve. The same Arabic numeral has different meanings for different types of valves.

　　第五单元表示阀门阀座的密封面材料或衬里阀的衬里材料，其代号用拼音字母表示

　　The fifth unit represents the sealing surface material of the valve seat or the lining material of the lining valve, and its code is represented by pinyin letters

　　第六单元 表示阀门的公称压力数值

　　The sixth unit represents the nominal pressure value of the valve

　　第七单元 表示阀体材料，称为阀体材料代号，用汉语拼音字母表示

　　The seventh unit represents the valve body material, which is called the valve body material code and is represented by Chinese Pinyin letters

　　三、 常用阀门的结构特征及其应用：

　　3、 Structural characteristics and applications of commonly used valves:

　　(一)、闸 阀：

　　（1） Gate valve:

　　闸阀是指启闭体(闸板)由阀杆带动，沿阀座密封面作升降运行的阀门，可接通或截断流体的信道。闸阀流动阻力小，启闭省力，广泛用于各种介质管道的启闭。当闸阀部分开启时，在闸板背后产生涡流，易引起闸板侵蚀和振动，也易损坏阀座的密封面，修理困难。因此，闸阀一般不作节流用。

　　Gate valve refers to a valve whose opening and closing body (gate) is driven by the valve stem and moves up and down along the sealing surface of the valve seat, which can connect or cut off the passage of fluid. Gate valves have low flow resistance, easy opening and closing, and are widely used for opening and closing various medium pipelines. When the gate valve is partially opened, eddy currents are generated behind the gate plate, which can easily cause erosion and vibration of the gate plate, as well as damage the sealing surface of the valve seat, making repair difficult. Therefore, gate valves are generally not used for throttling purposes.

　　1、闸阀的结构特点：

　　1. The structural characteristics of gate valves:

　　闸阀由下阀体、上阀盖、闸板、阀杆、手轮、密封圈等零件组成。

　　A gate valve consists of lower valve body, upper valve cover, gate plate, valve stem, handwheel, sealing ring and other components.

　　（1）闸板：分为楔式刚性单闸板、楔式弹性单闸板、楔式双闸板、双闸板等

　　(1) Gate: divided into wedge-shaped rigid single gate, wedge-shaped elastic single gate, wedge-shaped double gate, double gate, etc

　　（2）阀杆：分明杆和暗杆。明杆是阀杆随闸板开启或关闭而升降；暗杆是阀杆随闸板启闭只是旋转升降，阀杆位置无变化。

　　(2) Valve stem: distinct stem and concealed stem. The open stem is the valve stem that rises and falls with the opening or closing of the gate; The hidden stem is a valve stem that rotates and lifts with the opening and closing of the gate, and the position of the valve stem remains unchanged.

　　（3）小直径的闸阀一般为手动，大直径的闸阀可为正齿轮传动或电动机传动。

　　(3) Small diameter gate valves are generally manually operated, while large diameter gate valves can be driven by spur gears or electric motors.

　　2．闸阀的应用范围：

　　2. Application scope of gate valve:

　　灰铸铁和球铸铁闸阀的参数范围：

　　The parameter range of gray cast iron and ductile iron gate valves:

　　公称压力 PN0.1~4.0Mpa；

　　Nominal pressure PN0.1~4.0Mpa;

　　公称直径 DN50~1800mm；

　　Nominal diameter DN50~1800mm;

　　连接形式 法兰连接

　　Connection form: flange connection

　　钢制闸阀的参数范围：

　　The parameter range of steel gate valve:

　　公称压力 PN0.1~4.0Mpa；

　　Nominal pressure PN0.1~4.0Mpa;

　　公称直径 DN50~1800mm；

　　Nominal diameter DN50~1800mm;

　　连接形式 法兰连接

　　Connection form: flange connection

　　3、注意事项：

　　3. Attention:

　　1)不宜用以调节介质压力和流量；

　　1) Not suitable for regulating medium pressure and flow rate;

　　2)适用于结焦场合，但弹性闸板和双闸板闸阀不宜应用；

　　2) Suitable for coking applications, but elastic gate valves and double gate valves are not suitable for use;

　　3)大口径或高压闸阀，可安装旁通阀以减小主闸阀启闭力矩；

　　3) Large caliber or high-pressure gate valves can be equipped with bypass valves to reduce the opening and closing torque of the main gate valve;

　　4)对于密封性能要求很高的场合，阀杆应采用波纹管密封；

　　4) For situations where high sealing performance is required, the valve stem should be sealed with a corrugated pipe;

　　4、优缺点：

　　4. Advantages and disadvantages:

　　优点：流动阻力小，介质流动方向不受限制，阀件安装长度较小。

　　Advantages: Low flow resistance, unrestricted flow direction of medium, and shorter installation length of valve components.

　　缺点：闸板及密封面易被擦伤，密封面检修困难，阀门安装空间高度要求大。

　　Disadvantages: The gate and sealing surface are prone to scratches, the sealing surface is difficult to maintain, and the installation space and height requirements for the valve are high.

　　5、常见故障及处理：

　　5. Common faults and solutions:

　　（1）盘根外漏：一般处理方法紧压盖或停气更换盘根。

　　(1) External leakage of packing: The general treatment method is to tighten the packing or replace the packing by stopping the air supply.

　　（2）油杯外漏处理方法：

　　(2) Oil cup leakage treatment method:

　　a、油杯丝扣处漏－－紧油杯或停气重新安装油杯。

　　a、 Leakage at the screw thread of the oil cup - tighten the oil cup or stop the gas and reinstall the oil cup.

　　b、油杯口漏－－注脂或更换油杯。

　　b、 Oil cup leakage - grease or replace the oil cup.

　　（3）手轮过紧处理方法：加注润滑油、更换盘根清洁轴杆

　　(3) Handwheel tightening treatment method: Add lubricating oil, replace the packing, clean the shaft

　　（4）内漏处理方法：排污、修复闸板

　　(4) Internal leakage treatment method: discharge, repair gate

　　6、日常维护：清洁、盘车、排污、加润滑油、注脂

　　6. Daily maintenance: cleaning, turning, draining, adding lubricating oil, and greasing

　　(二)、截止阀和节流阀：

　　（2） Globe valve and throttle valve:

　　截止阀和节流阀都是向下闭合式阀门，启闭件(阀瓣)由阀杆带动、沿阀阀座(密封面)轴线作升降运动的阀门。截止阀与节流阀的结构基本相同，只是阀瓣形状不同。截止阀的阀瓣为盘形阀瓣；节流阀的阀瓣为多为圆锥流线型，特别适用于节流，可以改变信道截面积，用以调节流量或压力。

　　Both globe valves and throttle valves are downward closing valves, and the opening and closing components (valve discs) are driven by the valve stem and move up and down along the axis of the valve seat (sealing surface). The structure of globe valve and throttle valve is basically the same, except for the shape of the valve disc. The valve disc of the globe valve is a disc-shaped valve disc; The valve disc of a throttle valve is mostly conical and streamlined, which is particularly suitable for throttling. It can change the cross-sectional area of the channel to regulate flow or pressure.

　　1、 截止阀和节流阀结构特点：

　　1. Structural characteristics of globe valve and throttle valve:

　　主要由阀体、阀盖、阀杆、阀瓣和手轮等组成。

　　It is mainly composed of valve body, valve cover, valve stem, valve disc, and handwheel.

　　截止阀优缺点：

　　Advantages and disadvantages of globe valves:

　　优点：密封性较好，密封面摩擦

　　Advantages: Good sealing performance, friction on the sealing surface

　　现象不严重，检修较方便，开启高

　　The phenomenon is not serious, the maintenance is relatively convenient, and the opening is high

　　度小，可以适当地调节流量。

　　The degree is small, and the flow can be adjusted appropriately.

　　缺点：介质流动阻力大，结构长度

　　Disadvantages: High flow resistance of the medium, structural length

　　较大，启闭力较大。

　　Larger, with greater opening and closing force.

　　2、 注意事项：

　　2. Attention:

　　1)、截止阀不宜用来调节介质的压力或流量。经常需要调节压力或流量的部位应选用节流阀；

　　1) Globe valves should not be used to regulate the pressure or flow rate of the medium. Throttle valves should be selected for parts that often require pressure or flow regulation;

　　2)、直通式和直流式的截止阀、节流阀可安装在水平或垂直相交的管道上，角式截止阀和节流阀需安装在垂直相交的管道上，安装时要注意阀体的指示方向与介质的流向一致；

　　2) Straight through and direct flow globe valves and throttling valves can be installed on horizontally or vertically intersecting pipelines, while angle globe valves and throttling valves need to be installed on vertically intersecting pipelines. When installing, attention should be paid to the direction of the valve body indication being consistent with the flow direction of the medium;

　　3)、流体向过阀座，阀座上有沉积物时影响严密性，因此一般不宜用于有悬浮固体的流体；

　　3) When the fluid flows upward through the valve seat and there is sediment on the valve seat, it affects the tightness, so it is generally not suitable for fluids with suspended solids;

　　3、 故障及处理

　　3. Malfunctions and Handling

　　（1）盘根外漏 紧压盖或停气更换

　　(1) Tighten the gland or replace it with a gas stop due to leakage outside the packing

　　（2）手轮过紧 松压盖或更换盘根

　　(2) Tighten the handwheel, loosen the cover or replace the packing

　　（3）内漏 清洁、修复密封面

　　(3) Internal leakage cleaning and repair of sealing surface

　　4、日常维护：清洁、盘车、加润滑油

　　4. Daily maintenance: cleaning, turning, adding lubricating oil

　　(三)、旋塞阀

　　（3） Plug valve

　　旋塞阀是一种结构比较简单的阀门，流体直流通过，阻力降小、启闭方便、迅速。

　　Plug valve is a type of valve with a relatively simple structure, allowing fluid to pass through directly, reducing resistance, making opening and closing convenient and rapid.

　　1、 结构特点：旋塞阀的启闭件成柱塞状，通过旋转90度使阀塞的接口与阀体接口相合或分开。旋塞阀主要由阀体、塞子、填料压盖组成。

　　1. Structural features: The opening and closing parts of the plug valve are in the shape of a plunger, and the interface of the valve plug and the valve body interface are matched or separated by rotating 90 degrees. A plug valve is mainly composed of a valve body, a plug, and a packing gland.

　　2、注意事项：

　　2. Attention:

　　1)、直通式旋塞阀多用于截断介质流动，也可以用于调节介质流量或压力；

　　1) Straight through plug valves are commonly used to cut off the flow of media and can also be used to regulate the flow rate or pressure of media;

　　2)、三通旋塞和四通旋塞多用于改变介质流动方向或进行介质分配；

　　2) Three way and four-way plugs are commonly used to change the direction of medium flow or distribute medium;

　　3)、旋塞阀可水平安装，也可垂直安装，介质流向不受限制；

　　3) The plug valve can be installed horizontally or vertically, and the flow direction of the medium is not restricted;

　　4)、旋塞配上电动、液动或气动操作机构，可以进行遥控或自控。

　　4) The plug can be equipped with an electric, hydraulic or pneumatic operating mechanism for remote control or self-control.

　　3、常见故障及处理：

　　3. Common faults and solutions:

　　（1）油杯外漏

　　(1) Oil cup leakage outside

　　a、油杯丝扣处漏－－紧油杯

　　a、 Leakage at the thread of the oil cup - tighten the oil cup tightly

　　b、油杯口漏－－注脂；更换油杯

　　b、 Oil cup leakage - grease injection; Replace the oil cup

　　（2）手轮过紧－－注油润滑；放空、解拆阀体下部，调节顶丝位移

　　(2) Hand wheel too tight - lubricate with oil; Empty and disassemble the lower part of the valve body, adjust the displacement of the top screw

　　（3）内漏－－注密封脂，修复密封面

　　(3) Internal leakage - inject sealing grease and repair the sealing surface

　　4、日常维护：清洁、盘车、加润滑油、注脂

　　4. Daily maintenance: cleaning, turning, adding lubricating oil, and greasing

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